Used Midi Controller Keyboard

A MIDI keyboard or controller is typically a piano-style electronic musical keyboard, often with other buttons, wheels and sliders, used for sending MIDI signals or commands over a USB or MIDI 5-pin cable to other musical devices or computers connected and operating on the same MIDI protocol.

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What’s the difference between MIDI controllerand an electronic keyboard? Which of them is ideal for producing music? What are the pros and cons of the two of them? The above questions are common among beginners who want to know the right set of instrument to get start.

I see beginners asking those questions in forums and Q&A sites so I decide to clear the atmosphere and provide an extensive guide that have all the answers to those questions. I have taken all the pain to research, evaluate, and analyze the practical and impractical information on this topic. And I have condensed it into an easy to digest format for you.

If you really want to learn the difference between these two, read on.

Contents

So what’s the difference between the two?

It is important for you to understand the difference between these two instruments and be familiar with all of their features. Without this knowledge, it will be very difficult for you to come up with the perfect idea for your next production due to role they play in the music creation.

With the MIDI controller, you can create MIDI data and trigger the sound from a hardware sampler or synth. On the other hand, a keyboard is just an instrument on its own or part of an instrument and you don’t need additional equipment to make it work. In a simple term: an electronic keyboard works as a standalone device.

The best MIDI controller usually come with a USB Port, where you can connect the device directly to your computer. Most of the modern controllers have this feature and this often eliminate the need for a separate MIDI interface. In addition, when working with a MIDI controller, you also have to use a DAW (Digital Audio Workstation), which allows you to produce MIDI data.

Examples of MIDI controllers are M-Audio Oxygen, Akai MPK 49, while the typical keyboard includes Korg, Roland, Kurzweil. A complete tutorial is available here on the MIDI and another one is here for the electronic keyboard.

Which of them is the best to produce music?

At this stage, it is not really important to know which of the two is best to produce music. What is important is to understand yourself, your skill level and experience, and what you intend to use the instrument for.

When you do this, selecting the right device becomes easy. It will also enable you to decide quickly and correctly on which of the two you should go for. The ability to bond with the tools you use is very important if you are into music creation. Therefore, the tone and feel of any instrument should be a top priority for you.

What are the Subtle Differences Between them?

One thing with MIDI controllers is that they allow you to change the tone to something you like. This makes it difficult to be stuck on any particular tone at any point in time. Another thing is the feel of the keys on a keyboard. And this is a different issue entirely. When you are looking at this, you should not just consider how the keys feel, but also how they respond to your touch.

If you are used to a piano, you may be more concerned about this, in which case, you may be attracted to an electronic keyboard. Fortunately, most modern keyboards are velocity and pressure sensitive. This means that the keys have the capability to respond to how fast you pressure on the keys as well as how much pressure you are using.

On these kinds of keyboards, the harder you press, the more varied the sound you will get. If you are looking at some old keyboards like Moog’s, the volume remains the same no matter how hard you press on the keys.

Finally, if you can control the volume and sound using software – in the case of a controller – the feel is not very important. However, if you are used to piano, a MIDI controller may not be able to serve you well. Choosing a MIDI controller in such case may be foreign to you.

Another important thing is the sound and the keys. Some devices are very good in these two aspects and they fall in the middle of the valley: some are MIDI controllers while others are simply keyboards. Some of the instruments that work well in this aspect are the Clavia Nord Piano, Kawai, and Roland, three of the popular brands with good instruments.

Do you want to play live with it? Do you want to travel with it?

If your concern is to play music on the go, then the electronic keyboard is your best choice. However, if you don’t have a need for this, the MIDI controller has a lot more option and is cheaper too.

Another thing you want to consider is the price tag. The only thing that can help here is to look inwards. If you are going to get bored with your equipment quickly, then you want to go for something cheaper so as to protect your cash and prevent buyers remorse.

However, if you see yourself getting addicted and learning things as you go, then you can spend as much as you want (i.e. buy something expensive). After deciding on which type to buy, the other thing to consider is space. If you don’t have enough space, you should not go for one that have full-sized keys as that might take up much space instead choose something that is of a smaller size.

Quality of Keys is also important

In addition to the above, you need to consider the quality of the keys. If they are nice, you go for them. If they are too rigid, you leave them. And the best way to know is to test in a musical store. You can get the M-Audio 88 for around $500 and it has hammer action and velocity sensitive keys. It’s quite cheap and offers a wide selection.

Another device you can choose is the Korg and Edirol products, which are in the same price range. Another line you should look at is the CME lines. Often times, the controller is best for those who do not need their instrument for travel and playing live.

Moreover, if you don’t need lots of keys on your midi controller then that is another option you should look at because they options then opens up.

And for those who don’t want the fancy controller faders and knobs, then the job becomes much easier. If you decide to stay with a MIDI keyboard, you can also purchase a virtual instrument voices and control them through the Midi keyboard.

The Features

Midi Controllers:

• Midi controllers usually come with a keyboard that receives and sends out midi information.
• You can’t directly use a MIDI controller on its own because it is just a controller and is meant to be used with an external source. You have to use it with your VSTi, computer, or sequencer.
• MIDI controllers don’t come with inbuilt sound systems, so they cannot produce sound. When used with another source (e.g. your computer) they can now produce sound.
• MIDI controllers have the capability to trigger sound from a synth or module or a sound card.

Electronic Keyboard:

• On the other hand, only the people who already know how to operate the keys on the board can use the keyboard. Also, you can play it with a band.
• If you are a beginner, you need to learn how to use the keys if you decide to choose the synth over the MIDI controller.
• You don’t need to use the keyboard with a DAW since it is a standalone device.

The Pros

Keyboard:

• The electronic keyboard is very portable. You can easily create new symphonies or play music just for the fun of it.
• The keyboard also have the capability to enable you perform on stage and make new chords when you feel like it.
• Synthetic/keyboards come with sound built in so you don’t need an external source for internal sound. They also have more options and controls than the typical MIDI controllers do.
• You can see that in these situations, using a MIDI controller will be quite odd because you will want to connect it directly to your system. Without that, you can get the sound you need for the situation.

MIDI Controller:

• If you are in for composing (such as piano notation) or sequencing, a MIDI controller will perform adequately. It has more options on this side than the synth.
• When you use a MIDI controller, you can still get the sound synthesizing outside of your computer, which is triggered by the keyboard on the controller.
• If you need advanced features on a MIDI controller, you may have to buy the more expensive ones. This is because the expensive ones have have features like pan, aftertouch, faders etc., that is not often found on cheap versions.

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The Cons

MIDI Controllers:

• Although a MIDI controller is a cheaper option, it is often limited in terms of what it can be used for.
• A MIDI controller is certainly useless in situations where you cannot access your computer since without connection to your computer you can’t work with it.
• A MIDI controller does not have the same feel as a regular piano keyboard. All the bounce and nice feel is gone.

Keyboard:

• One of the greatest disadvantages of the keyboard is that you will lose the faders, pads, knobs, and displays you get with the MIDI controller.
• When you are using a keyboard, you also lose the expression pedal input and aftertouch. Although, some keyboards have these features such as the Yamaha CP33, which has a MIDI, USB, and modulation wheel.

Which One Should You Buy?

If most of your work involves producing something new all the time, you may want to invest in learning the tools that will help you achieve your aim. If you want to perform on a pro level or outside your studio, I suggest you go for the keyboard.

Another option that many people have chosen is buying a portable keyboard with MIDI output. You will also have to buy a MIDI USB cable to make the appropriate connection. This option will allow you to learn new techniques, play music whenever you like, and use it as a MIDI input device. With this option, you can get the best of both worlds.

If you want to select the MIDI controller, you should try to go for the one that has the full-sized keys and semi-weight keys. It is also important to look for one that is affordable and has the keys you want. It does not matter whether it is a MIDI controller with 29 keys or 49 keys or 88 keys, all that matters is that it is affordable.

Ultimately, you will want to go into a shop and try your hands on both of them. The best and safest way to know which one of them feels better is to finger them physically and that can only happen with a good experience in a music shop. If you rely on only reviews on a 50% scale, the other 50% should be the experience you gain offline with the physical.

Wrapping Up

As the saying goes, “Every problem has a solution”. If you are a fan of the digital piano and don’t want to go for the MIDI controller because of some limitations, you can always have a workaround.

If you get the Yamaha CP33, you will be able to enjoy the best of two worlds. It has Sustain Pedal and Aux Jack (for Expression and soft), a USB, MIDI, and Pitch Bend. The Yamaha CP33 also features aftertouch with level sliders. This means you can use it as both a MIDI controller and a keyboard.

A MIDI controller is any hardware or software that generates and transmits Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) data to MIDI-enabled devices, typically to trigger sounds and control parameters of an electronic music performance. MIDI controllers usually do not create or produce musical sounds by themselves. MIDI controllers typically have some type of interface which the performer presses, strikes, blows or touches. This action generates MIDI data (e.g. notes played and their intensity), which can then be transmitted to a MIDI-compatible sound module or synthesizer using a MIDI cable. The sound module or synthesizer in turn produces a sound which is amplified through a loudspeaker.

The most commonly used MIDI controller is the electronic musical keyboard MIDI controller. When the keys are played, the MIDI controller sends MIDI data about the pitch of the note, how hard the note was played and its duration. Other common MIDI controllers are wind controllers, which a musician blows into and presses keys to transmit MIDI data, and electronic drums.

The MIDI controller can be populated with any number of sliders, knobs, buttons, pedals and other sensors, and may or may not include a piano keyboard. Many Audio control surfaces are MIDI-based and so are essentially MIDI controllers.

While the most common use of MIDI controllers is to trigger musical sounds and play musical instruments, MIDI controllers are also used to control other MIDI-compatible devices, such as stage lights, digital audio mixers and complex guitar effects units.

• 2Performance controllers
• 3Auxiliary controllers

Types (hardware and software)[edit]

The following are classes of MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) controller:

• The human interface component of a traditional instrument redesigned as a MIDI control device. The most common type of device in this class is the keyboard controller. Such a device provides a musical keyboard and perhaps other actuators (pitch bend and modulation wheels, for example) but produces no sound on its own. It is intended only to drive other MIDI devices. Percussion controllers such as the Roland Octapad fall into this class, as do a variety of wind controllers and guitar-like controllers such as the SynthAxe.
• Electronic musical instruments, including synthesizers, samplers, drum machines, and electronic drums, which are used to perform music in real time and are inherently able to transmit a MIDI data stream of the performance.
• Pitch-to-MIDI converters including guitar/synthesizers analyze a pitch and convert it into a MIDI signal. There are several devices which do this for the human voice and for monophonic instruments such as flutes, for example.
• Traditional instruments such as drums, acoustic pianos, and accordions which are outfitted with sensors and a computer processor which accepts input from the sensors and transmits real-time performance information as MIDI data. The performance information (e.g., on which notes or drums are struck, and how hard) is then sent to a module or computer which converts the data into sounds (e.g., samples or synthesized sounds).
• Sequencers, which store and retrieve MIDI data and send the data to MIDI enabled instruments in order to reproduce a performance.
• MIDI Machine Control (MMC) devices such as recording equipment, which transmit messages to aid in the synchronization of MIDI-enabled devices. For example, a recorder may have a feature to index a recording by measure and beat. The sequencer that it controls would stay synchronized with it as the recorder's transport controls are pushed and corresponding MIDI messages transmitted.
• MIDI Show Control (MSC) devices such as show controllers, which transmit messages to aid in the operation and cueing of live theatrical and themed entertainment productions. For example, a variety of show control sub systems such as sound consoles, sound playback controllers, virtual audio matrices and switchers, video playback systems, rigging controllers, pyro and lighting control systems directly respond to MSC commands. However, most standalone generic MSC controllers are intended to actuate a generic computerised show control system which has been carefully programmed to produce the complex desired results that the show demands at each moment of the production.

Performance controllers[edit]

MIDI was designed with keyboards in mind, and any controller that is not a keyboard is considered an 'alternative' controller.^[1] This was seen as a limitation by composers who were not interested in keyboard-based music, but the standard proved flexible, and MIDI compatibility was introduced to other types of controllers, including guitars, wind instruments and drum machines.^[2]:23

Keyboards[edit]

Keyboards are by far the most common type of MIDI controller.^[3] These are available in sizes that range from 25-key, 2-octave models, to full-sized 88-key instruments. Some are keyboard-only controllers, though many include other real-time controllers such as sliders, knobs, and wheels.^[4] Commonly, there are also connections for sustain and expression pedals. Most keyboard controllers offer the ability to split the playing area into 'zones', which can be of any desired size and can overlap with each other. Each zone can respond to a different MIDI channel and a different set of performance controllers, and can be set to play any desired range of notes. This allows a single playing surface to target a number of different devices.^[5]:79–80 MIDI capabilities can also be built into traditional keyboard instruments, such as grand pianos^[5]:82 and Rhodes pianos.^[6]Pedal keyboards can operate the pedal tones of a MIDI organ, or can drive a bass synthesizer such as the revived Moog Taurus.

Wind controllers[edit]

Wind controllers allow MIDI parts to be played with the same kind of expression and articulation that is available to players of wind and brass instruments. They allow breath and pitch glide control that provide a more versatile kind of phrasing, particularly when playing sampled or physically modeled wind instrument parts.^[5]:95 A typical wind controller has a sensor that converts breath pressure to volume information, and may allow pitch control through a lip pressure sensor and a pitch-bend wheel. Some models include a configurable key layout that can emulate different instruments' fingering systems.^[7] Examples of such controllers include Akai's Electronic Wind Instrument (EWI) and Electronic Valve Instrument (EVI). The EWI uses a system of keypads and rollers modeled after a traditional woodwind instrument, while the EVI is based on an acoustic brass instrument, and has three switches that emulate a trumpet's valves.^{[8]:320–321} Simpler breath controllers are also available: unlike wind controllers, they do not trigger notes and are intended for use in conjunction with a keyboard or synthesizer. Examples of breath controllers are the Yamaha BC3 (now discontinued) and the TEControl USB-MIDI Breath Controller.

Drum and percussion controllers[edit]

Keyboards can be used to trigger drum sounds, but are impractical for playing repeated patterns such as rolls, due to the length of key travel. After keyboards, drum pads are the next most significant MIDI performance controllers.^{[8]:319–320} Drum controllers may be built into drum machines, may be standalone control surfaces, or may emulate the look and feel of acoustic percussion instruments. The pads built into drum machines are typically too small and fragile to be played with sticks, and are played with fingers.^[5]:88 Dedicated drum pads such as the Roland Octapad or the DrumKAT are playable with the hands or with sticks, and are often built in the form of a drum kit. There are also percussion controllers such as the vibraphone-style MalletKAT,^[5]:88–91 and Don Buchla's Marimba Lumina.^[9] MIDI triggers can also be installed into acoustic drum and percussion instruments. Pads that can trigger a MIDI device can be homemade from a piezoelectric sensor and a practice pad or other piece of foam rubber.^[10]

Stringed instrument controllers[edit]

A guitar can be fit with special pickups that digitize the instrument's output, and allow it to play a synthesizer's sounds. These assign a separate MIDI channel for each string, and may give the player the choice of triggering the same sound from all six strings, or playing a different sound from each.^[5]:92–93 Some models, such as Yamaha's G10, dispense with the traditional guitar body and replace it with electronics.^[8]:320 Other systems, such as Roland's MIDI pickups, are included with or can be retrofitted to a standard instrument. Max Mathews designed a MIDI violin for Laurie Anderson in the mid-1980s,^[11] and MIDI-equipped violas, cellos, contrabasses, and mandolins also exist.^[12]

Specialized performance controllers[edit]

DJ digital controllers may be standalone units such as the Faderfox or the Allen & Heath Xone 3D, or may be integrated with a specific piece of software, such as Traktor or Scratch Live. These typically respond to MIDI clock sync, and provide control over mixing, looping, effects, and sample playback.^[13]

MIDI triggers attached to shoes or clothing are sometimes used by stage performers. The Kroonde Gamma wireless sensor can capture physical motion as MIDI signals.^[14] Sensors built into a dance floor at the University of Texas at Austin convert dancers' movements into MIDI messages,^[15] and David Rokeby's Very Nervous Systemart installation created music from the movements of passers-through.^[16] Software applications exist which enable the use of iOS devices as gesture controllers.^[17]

Non-traditional controllers[edit]

Numerous experimental controllers exist which abandon traditional musical interfaces entirely. These include the gesture-controlled Buchla Thunder,^[18] sonomes such as the C-Thru Music Axis,^[19] which rearrange the scale tones into an isometric layout,^[20] and Haken Audio's keyless, touch-sensitive Continuum playing surface.^[21] Experimental MIDI controllers may be created from unusual objects, such as an ironing board with heat sensors installed,^[22] or a sofa equipped with pressure sensors.^[23]GRIDI is a large scale physical MIDI sequencer with embedded LEDs developed by Yuvi Gerstein in 2015, which uses balls as inputs.^[24][25] The Eigenharp controller is a combination of a breath controller, a configurable series of multi-dimensional control keys, and ribbon controllers designed to control its own virtual instrument software.^[26]

Auxiliary controllers[edit]

Software synthesizers offer great power and versatility, but some players feel that division of attention between a MIDI keyboard and a computer keyboard and mouse robs some of the immediacy from the playing experience.^[27] Devices dedicated to real-time MIDI control provide an ergonomic benefit, and can provide a greater sense of connection with the instrument than can an interface that is accessed through a mouse or a push-button digital menu. Controllers may be general-purpose devices that are designed to work with a variety of equipment, or they may be designed to work with a specific piece of software. Examples of the latter include Akai's APC40 controller for Ableton Live, and Korg's MS-20ic controller that is a reproduction of their MS-20 analog synthesizer. The MS-20ic controller includes patch cables that can be used to control signal routing in their virtual reproduction of the MS-20 synthesizer, and can also control third-party devices.^[28]

Control surfaces[edit]

Control surfaces are hardware devices that provide a variety of controls that transmit real-time controller messages. These enable software instruments to be programmed without the discomfort of excessive mouse movements,^[29] or adjustment of hardware devices without the need to step through layered menus. Buttons, sliders, and knobs are the most common controllers provided, but rotary encoders, transport controls, joysticks, ribbon controllers, vector touchpads in the style of Korg's Kaoss pad, and optical controllers such as Roland's D-Beam may also be present. Control surfaces may be used for mixing, sequencer automation, turntablism, and lighting control.^[29]

Specialized real-time controllers[edit]

Audio control surfaces often resemble mixing consoles in appearance, and enable a level of hands-on control for changing parameters such as sound levels and effects applied to individual tracks of a multitrack recording or live performance output.

MIDI footswitches are commonly used to send MIDI program change commands to effects devices, but may be combined with pedals in a pedalboard that allows detailed programming of effects units. Pedals are available in the form of on/off switches, either momentary or latching, or as 'rocker' pedals whose position determines the value of a MIDI continuous controller.

Drawbar controllers are for use with MIDI and virtual organs. Along with a set of drawbars for timbre control, they may provide controls for standard organ effects such as rotating speaker speed, vibrato and chorus.^[30]

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Use in a data stream[edit]

See also: General MIDI: Controller events

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Modifiers such as modulation wheels, pitch bend wheels, sustain pedals, pitch sliders, buttons, knobs, faders, switches, ribbon controllers, etc., alter an instrument's state of operation, and thus can be used to modify sounds or other parameters of music performance in real time via MIDI connections. The 128 virtual MIDI controllers and their electronic messages connect the actual buttons, knobs, wheels, sliders, etc. with their intended actions within the receiving device.

Some controllers, such as pitch bend, are special. Whereas the data range of most continuous controllers (such as volume, for example) consists of 128 steps ranging in value from 0 to 127, pitch bend data may be encoded with over 16,000 data steps. This produces the illusion of a continuously sliding pitch, as in a violin's portamento, rather than a series of zippered steps such as a guitarist sliding their finger up the frets of their guitar's neck. Thus, the pitch wheel on a MIDI keyboard may generate large amounts of data which can lead to a slowdown of data throughput.

The original MIDI spec included 128 virtual controller numbers for real time modifications to live instruments or their audio. MIDI Show Control (MSC) and MIDI Machine Control (MMC) are two separate extensions of the original MIDI spec, expanding MIDI protocol to accept far more than its original intentions.

Common products[edit]

The most common MIDI controllers encountered are various sizes of 'piano' keyboards. A modern controller lacks internal sound-generation, instead acting as a primary or secondary input for a synthesizer, digital sampler or a computer running a VST instrument or other software sound generator. Many have several user-definable knobs and slide controls which can control aspects of a synthesizer's sound in real-time. Such controllers are much cheaper than a full synthesizer, and are increasingly equipped with Universal Serial Bus, which allows connection to a computer without a MIDI interface. Despite not using MIDI directly, software applications recognize such controllers as a MIDI device. In most cases, a USB-equipped controller can draw necessary power from the interface's 5v line, and does not require an A/C adapter when connected to a computer. Keyboards range in size from 88 weighted-action keys to portable 25-key models.

References[edit]

1. ^'MIDI Products'. midi.org. MIDI Manufacturers Association. n.d. 1 August 1012
2. ^Holmes, Thom. Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition. New York: Routledge, 2003
3. ^'Desktop Music Handbook – MIDI'. cakewalk.com. Cakewalk, Inc. 26 November 2010. Web. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
4. ^'The beginner's guide to: MIDI controllers'. Computer Music Specials. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
5. ^ ^abcdefHuber, David Miles. 'The MIDI Manual'. Carmel, Indiana: SAMS, 1991.
6. ^'Rhodes Mark 7'. keyboardmag.com. New Bay Media, LLC. n.d. Web. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
7. ^White, Paul. 'Yamaha WX5'. Sound On Sound. SOS Publications. Jul 1998. Print.
8. ^ ^abcManning, Peter. Electronic and Computer Music. 1985. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Print.
9. ^''Marimba Lumina Described'. 'buchla.com'. n.p. n.d. Web'. Buchla.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
10. ^White, Paul. 'DIY Drum Pads And Pedal Triggers'. Sound On Sound SOS Publications. Aug 1995. Print.
11. ^Goldberg, Roselee. Laurie Anderson. New York: Abrams Books, 2000. p.80
12. ^Batcho, Jim. 'Best of Both Worlds'. Strings 17.4 (2002): n.a. Print.
13. ^Price, Simon. 'Allen & Heath Xone 3D'. Sound On Sound. SOS Publications. Sep 2006. Print.
14. ^Beilharz, Kirsty. 'Wireless gesture controllers to affect information sonification'. CiteSeerX10.1.1.84.8862.
15. ^Pinkston; Kerkhoff; McQuilken (10 August 2012). 'The U. T. Touch-Sensitive Dance Floor and MIDI Controller'. The University of Texas at Austin.
16. ^Cooper, Douglas. 'Very Nervous System'. Wired. Condé Nast. 3.03: Mar 1995.
17. ^'The Glimpse'. midiinmotion.fschwehn.com. n.p. n.d. Web. 20 August 2012
18. ^''Buchla Thunder'. 'buchla.com'. Buchla and Associates. n.d. Web'. Buchla.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
19. ^'MIDI Products'. midi.org. The MIDI Manufacturers Association. n.d. Web. 10 August 2012.
20. ^''Note pattern'. 'theshapeofmusic.com'. n.p. n.d. Web. 10 Aug 2012'. Theshapeofmusic.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
21. ^''Overview'. 'hakenaudio.com'. Haken Audio. n.d. Web. 10 Aug 2012'. Hakenaudio.com. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
22. ^Gamboa, Glenn. 'MIDI Ironing Boards, Theremin Crutches Squeal at Handmade Music Event'. Wired.com. Condé Nast. 27 September 2007. 13 August 2012. Web.
23. ^'MIDI Products'. midi.org. MIDI Manufacturers Association. n.d. 13 August 2012. Web.
24. ^https://www.focus.de/digital/videos/dld-2016-geniale-erfindung-mit-diesem-tisch-koennen-selbst-unmusikalische-komponieren_id_5221336.html
25. ^http://www.electronicbeats.net/the-feed/this-massive-midi-sequencer-turns-the-virtual-real/
26. ^McNamee, David. 'Hey, what's that sound: Eigenharp'. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
27. ^Preve, Francis. 'Dave Smith', in 'The 1st Annual Keyboard Hall of Fame'. Keyboard (US). NewBay Media, LLC. Sep 2012. Print. p.18
28. ^'Korg Legacy Collection'. vintagesynth.com. Vintage Synth Explorer. n.d. Web. 21 August 2012
29. ^ ^abWalker, Martin. 'Controlling InfluenceArchived 2012-01-10 at the Wayback Machine'. Sound On Sound. SOS Publications. Oct 2001. Print.
30. ^''Drawbar Manual v. 1.2'. Voce, Inc. n.d. Web. 10 Aug 2012'. Voceinc.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2012-11-27.